A set of election algorithms to be used with a substrate runtime, typically within the staking sub-system. Notable implementation include:

• [seq_phragmen]: Implements the Phragmén Sequential Method. An un-ranked, relatively fast election method that ensures PJR, but does not provide a constant factor approximation of the maximin problem.
• [phragmms]: Implements a hybrid approach inspired by Phragmén which is executed faster but it can achieve a constant factor approximation of the maximin problem, similar to that of the MMS algorithm.
• [balance_solution]: Implements the star balancing algorithm. This iterative process can push a solution toward being more balanced, which in turn can increase its score.

Terminology

This crate uses context-independent words, not to be confused with staking. This is because the election algorithms of this crate, while designed for staking, can be used in other contexts as well.

Voter: The entity casting some votes to a number of Targets. This is the same as Nominator in the context of staking. Target: The entities eligible to be voted upon. This is the same as Validator in the context of staking. Edge: A mapping from a Voter to a Target.

The goal of an election algorithm is to provide an ElectionResult. A data composed of: - winners: A flat list of identifiers belonging to those who have won the election, usually ordered in some meaningful way. They are zipped with their total backing stake. - assignment: A mapping from each voter to their winner-only targets, zipped with a ration denoting the amount of support given to that particular target.

```rust // the winners. let winners = vec![(1, 100), (2, 50)]; let assignments = vec![ // A voter, giving equal backing to both 1 and 2. Assignment { who: 10, distribution: vec![(1, Perbill::frompercent(50)), (2, Perbill::frompercent(50))], }, // A voter, Only backing 1. Assignment { who: 20, distribution: vec![(1, Perbill::from_percent(100))] }, ];

// the combination of the two makes the election result. let election_result = ElectionResult { winners, assignments };

```

The Assignment field of the election result is voter-major, i.e. it is from the perspective of the voter. The struct that represents the opposite is called a Support. This struct is usually accessed in a map-like manner, i.e. keyed by voters, therefore it is stored as a mapping called SupportMap.

Moreover, the support is built from absolute backing values, not ratios like the example above. A struct similar to Assignment that has stake value instead of ratios is called an StakedAssignment.

More information can be found at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12990

License: Apache-2.0