KAS GUI

The toolKit Abstraction System is not a GUI toolkit in the traditional sense — instead it provides an abstraction layer between an application's GUI description and the toolkit.

Current features:

• very succinct specification of GUIs via procedural macros
• hierarchical widget tree without backreferences to parents
• a minimal selection of widgets
• (planned) easy switching between toolkits (backends)
• low memory and CPU usage
• an unstable API: this is still an early prototype

Planned features:

• a Rust-native toolkit using OpenGL or Vulkan rendering
• wrappers for system-native toolkits
• a full widget selection

Background

Rust has several existing GUI tools / projects:

• [gtk-rs] — high quality bindings for GTK+ 3; app code feels similar to GTK C code but with increased type safety
• [Relm] — a Model-Update-View design inspired by Elm built over [gtk-rs]
• [Conrod] — a cached immediate-mode GUI
• [Azul] — a function-oriented GUI built over a DOM
• [Druid] — Data-oriented Rust User Interface Design toolkit

Motivation

Rust currently has a smattering of GUI libraries, but none currently offer the full complement of features which really show off the strengths of the Rust language:

• safe: GUIs are complex, high-level constructions; they really should make it easy to write memory-safe, and thread-safe and correct code
• simple: while the behaviour expressed by GUIs is complex, the ideas behind them are usually not; GUI app code should consist of a simple description of the GUI with minimal bindings to application logic
• flexible building blocks: the Rust language has succeeded in keeping the language specification moderately simple while buliding a rich library on top of this; a Rust GUI library should do the same
• static type model: Rust has succeeded in allowing most types to have compile-time known size and static linkage; not only does this avoid unnecessary run-time memory allocation, but also enables a lot of compile-time optimisation

Note that certain trade-offs must be made to allow the above goals; in particular this means the library will not be easy to use via FFI (e.g. from C):

• complex types: many widget types are complex or outright unnameable
• heavy use of macros: while users should be able to implement functionality directly, this may be verbose and monotonous; macros can be used to construct the necessary implementations more succinctly

It is also worth noting that we currently make no attempt to support building GUIs at run-time. This should eventually be possible to some extent, but is not a current goal.

Components

A GUI system needs at least the following components:

• a windowing library (e.g. winit or GDK)
• a graphics drawing library (provided by the windowing library directly or via another abstraction, e.g. OpenGL)
• widget drawing (dimensions and graphics — the theme)
• widget sizing and positioning code — the layout system
• event handling framework
• GUI description — the application

This library focuses on providing a clean API for the last item (the application) via an abstraction layer over widget drawing, positioning and event handling. Specifically, this library provides:

• a toolkit API, whose implementation provides the windowing API and widget dimensions and graphics, and optionally layout and/or event handling code
• an optional widget layout system
• an optional event handling system
• an API and tools to help users build their application GUIs

This approach allows both the usage of a high-level GUI toolkit doing all the heavy lifting (the first toolkit being a wrapper around GTK) and implementation of a complete toolkit from scratch (in theory; this has yet to be done).

This design should therefore eventually support building applications using native widget rendering on all major desktops from a single source, as well as the option to use a toolkit which minimises non-Rust dependencies for ultimate performance and portability.

Widgets

Widget behaviour is described via four traits, all of which are typically implemented via macro:

• The Core trait handles access to common, core data; this is typically implemented over a CoreData struct field.
• There are two variants of the Layout trait; this must be implemented by macro since it requires access to non-public parts of the API.
• The Widget trait handles a few common operations implemented over the above traits, including access to child widgets.
• The Handler trait implements event handling. This trait uses an associated type to allow user-defined return values, which may be caught and handled by a parent widget.

Built-in widgets

The library provides some standard widgets: a text label, a push-button, etc. Currently only a few are available; this should be expanded to a full set.

Some of these standard widgets are templated in order to allow user-defined payloads to be returned from handled events; e.g.:

TextButton::new("+", || Message::Incr)

defines a push-button labelled + which returns the enum value Message::Incr when clicked. This allows application logic to be implemented on a parent widget which encapsulates its controls.

Layout widgets and make_widget

Simple (or complex) widgets are typically encapsulated in parent widgets, which position each sub-widget relative to the self and encapsulate event handling. Typically such widgets are single-use. This library provides a convenient method of constructing them: the make_widget macro.

This macro creates a new struct type, implements all widget traits for this type, then constructs a new instance using the given values. Note that in many cases the types of sub-widgets need not be explicitly given and often the names of fields are not important; this macro allows both to be omitted.

The macro syntax is complex and likely to be refined; see the examples and the API documentation for details.

Custom widgets

The make_widget macro mentioned above is merely provided for convenience; its usage is not required (compare the counter and counter_expanded examples).

Copyright and Licence

The file includes a list of contributors who claim copyright on this project. This list may be incomplete; new contributors may optionally add themselves to this list.

The KAS library is published under the terms of the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may obtain a copy of this licence from the file or on the following webpage: https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0