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Interoptopus

🦀 → 🐙 → Python, C#, C, ...

FFI bindings to your favorite language. Composable. Sane. Escape hatches included.

Overview

If you ...

• wrote an extern "C" API in Rust
• need C#, Python, C, ... bindings to your library, all at the same time
• prefer having fine-grained control over your API and interop generation
• would like to use quality-of-life patterns on both sides (e.g., options, slices, 'classes') where feasible
• create your own bindings for a not-yet supported language
• want all your binding-related information (e.g., documentation) in Rust code

... then Interoptopus might be for you.

Known limitations

• not yet used in production
• somewhat verbose if you don't own most of your types (still possible, just more work)
• if you target only a single language and don't care about your FFI layer other solutions might be better

Supported Languages & Example

Assume you have written this Rust FFI code:

```rust use interoptopus::{ffifunction, ffitype};

[ffi_type]

[repr(C)]

pub struct Vec3f32 { pub x: f32, pub y: f32, pub z: f32, }

[ffi_function]

[no_mangle]

pub extern "C" fn mygamefunction(input: Option<&Vec3f32>) -> Vec3f32 { Vec3f32 { x: 2.0, y: 4.0, z: 6.0 } }

interoptopus::inventoryfunction!(ffiinventory, [], [mygamefunction], []); ```

You can now use one of these backends to generate interop code:

| Language | Crate | Comment | | --- | --- | --- | | C# (incl. Unity) | interoptopusbackendcsharp | Built-in. | | C | interoptopusbackendc | Built-in. | | Python CFFI | interoptopusbackendcpython_cffi | Built-in. | | Your language | Write your own backend! | See existing backends for what to do. |

Current Status

• June 13, 2021 - Pre-alpha. Has generated C#, C, Python-CFFI bindings at least once, many things missing, untested.

Safety, Soundness, Undefined Behavior

This library naturally does "unsafe" things and any journey into FFI-land is a little adventure. That said, here are some assumptions and quality standards this project is based on:

• Safe Rust calling safe Rust code must always be sound, with soundness boundaries on the module level, although smaller scopes are preferred. For example, creating a FFISlice from Rust and directly using it from Rust must never cause UB.

• We must never willingly generate broken bindings. For low level types we must never generate bindings which "cannot be used correctly" (e.g., map a u8 to a float), for patterns we must generate bindings that are "correct if used according to specification".

• There are situations where the (Rust) soundness of a binding invocation depends on conditions outside our control. In these cases we trust foreign code will invoke the generated functions correctly. For example, if a function is called with an AsciiPointer type we consider it safe and sound to obtain a str from this pointer as AsciiPointer's contract specifies it must point to ASCII data.

• Related to the previous point we generally assume functions and types on both sides are used appropriately w.r.t. Rust's FFI requirements and we trust you do that, e.g., you must declare types #[repr(C)] (or similar) and functions extern "C".

• Any unsafe code in any abstraction we provide should be "well contained", properly documented and reasonably be auditable.

• If unsound Rust types or bindings were ever needed (e.g., because of a lack of Rust specification, like 'safely' mapping a trait's vtable) such bindings should be gated behind a feature flag (e.g., unsound) and only enabled via an explicit opt-in. Right now there are none, but this is to set expectations around discussions.

FAQ

• Why do I get error[E0658]: macro attributes in #[derive] output are unstable?

  This happens when #[ffi_type] appears after #derive[...]. Just switch their order.

• How do I support a new language?

  1) create a new crate, like my_language 1) check which existing backend comes closest, copy that code 1) start from trait Interop::write_to producing some output, fix errors as they appear 1) create a UI test against interoptopus_reference_project to ensure your bindings are stable

• How does it actually work?

  As answered by Alex Hirsekorn:

  • When a GPO [Giant Pacific Octopus] finds a crab it does something called a “flaring web-over” which uses the webbing between the arms to engulf the crab while simultaneously immobilizing the crab’s claws with its suckers.
  • With the crab in what amounts to a sealed bag the GPO spits one of its two types of saliva into that space. This first saliva is called cephalotoxin and acts as a sedative, rendering the crab unconscious but still alive. [If the crab is taken away from the GPO at this point it will wake up and run away.]
  • The GPO then spits the other kind of saliva into the crab; that saliva is a powerful digestive enzyme. Since the crab is still alive at this point it pumps that enzyme throughout its body and basically digests itself on the GPO’s behalf. The octopus typically takes a nap during this stage.
  • After some period of time (I’ve seen this vary from 1.5 to 3 hours) the GPO wakes up, disassembles the crab, and licks out what amounts to crab meat Jell-O with a tongue-like structure called a radula. As Kathleen said the GPO does the disassembly with its suckers but it doesn’t just open the carapace: It will also take the claws and legs apart at the various joints.
  • When the meal is finished and the shell parts tossed out the GPO will take another nap until it’s hungry again. [Studies have shown that a GPO spends as much as 70% of its time sleeping in its den.]

  Occasionally a GPO will get minor injuries from capturing the crab but, for the most part they are too careful and too skilled for that to be much of an issue.

  After the GPO has rested, FFI bindings are produced.

Contributing

PRs are welcome.

• Bug fixes can be submitted directly. major changes should be filed as issues first.

• Anything that would make previously working bindings change behavior or stop compiling is a major change; which doesn't mean we're opposed to breaking stuff before 1.0, just that we'd like to talk about it before it happens.

• New features or patterns must be materialized in the reference project and accompanied by an interop test (i.e., a backend test running C# / Python against a DLL invoking that code) in at least one included backend.

License

MIT

This license only applies to code in this repository, not code generated by this repository. We do not claim copyright for code produced by backends included here; even if said code was based on a template in this repository. For the avoidance of doubt, anything produced by Interop::write_to or any item emitted by a proc macro is considered "generated by".