elf2tab is a tool that converts Tock userland apps from .elf files to Tock Application Bundles (TABs or .tab files). TABs are Tock apps that have been compiled for the various architectures that Tock runs on.

Usage

``` USAGE: elf2tab [FLAGS] [OPTIONS] ELF[,ARCHITECTURE]... Converts Tock userspace programs from .elf files to Tock Application Bundles.

FLAGS: --deterministic Produce a deterministic TAB file -h, --help Prints help information -V, --version Prints version information -v, --verbose Be verbose

OPTIONS: --accessids ... Storage IDs that this app is allowed to write -o, --output-file output file name [default: TockApp.tab] --app-heap in bytes [default: 1024] --kernel-heap in bytes [default: 1024] --kernel-major The kernel version that the app requires --kernel-minor The minimum kernel minor version that the app requires --minimum-ram-size in bytes --permissions ... A list of driver numbers and allowed commands -n, --package-name package name --protected-region-size Size of the protected region (including headers) --readids ... Storage IDs that this app is allowed to read --stack in bytes [default: 2048] --write_id A storage ID used for writing data

ARGS:

For example, converting a "blink" app from a compiled .elf file (for a Cortex-M4 device) with this tool would look like:

$ elf2tab -o blink.tab -n blink --stack 1024 --app-heap 1024 --kernel-heap 1024 cortex-m4.elf

It also supports (and encourages!) combining .elf files for multiple architectures into a single tab:

$ elf2tab -o blink.tab -n blink --stack 1024 --app-heap 1024 --kernel-heap 1024 cortex-m0.elf cortex-m3.elf cortex-m4.elf

Compiling elf2tab

With rustup installed, simply run:

cargo build

elf2tab Details

elf2tab tries to be as generic as possible for creating apps that can be flashed onto a Tock board. It does three main things:

1. Extracts the various sections in each .elf file and creates a binary file per .elf from the sections.
2. Prepends a Tock Binary Format header to each binary.
3. Creates the TAB file by creating a tar file with each of the Tock binaries.

Creating binary files from .elf files

elf2tab tries to process .elf files in as generic of a way as possible. To create the binary file, elf2tab iterates through the sections in the .elf file in their offset order that are writeable, executable, or allocated, have nonzero length, and are of type PROGBITS. The binary data for each of these sections are concatenated into the output file.

Next, elf2tab appends to the binary all writeable or allocated sections that contain the string .rel in their name. Because of how these sections are created for PIC code by the linker, it seems these sections have to be special cased and not grouped into the first step.

Creating the TBF Header

All Tock apps must start with a Tock Binary Format header so that the kernel knows how big the app is, how much memory it requires, and other important properties. elf2tab handles creating this header automatically, and mostly just requires the --stack, --app-heap, and --kernel-heap flags so it knows the memory requirements.

However, the TBF header also contains information about "writeable flash regions", or portions of the application's address space in flash that the app intends to use to store persistent data. This information is added to the header so that the kernel and other tools know that there is persistent that should be maintained intact. To specify to elf2tab that a linker section is one of these writeable flash regions, the name of the section should include the string .wfr. Any sections in the .elf that include .wfr in their name will have their relative address offset included in the TBF header via the TbfHeaderWriteableFlashRegions TLV.

elf2tab will also automatically add a TBF "fixed addresses" TLV header if it finds that the .elf file was compiled for a fixed address in RAM or flash instead of being position independent. To detect a fixed flash address, elf2tab looks to see if the flash segment is at the dummy flash address for PIC apps or not. To detect a fixed RAM address, elf2tab looks for a _sram_origin symbol, and if it exists checks if the address matches the dummy RAM address for PIC apps or not.

elf2tab has to choose a length for the protected region after the TBF header and before the start of the actual application binary. Normally, this defaults to 0. It can be fixed for all TBFs in the TAB using the command line argument --protected-region-size (which takes as an argument entire size before the application binary, including the TBF header). However, a TAB can include both PIC apps and non-PIC apps, and setting the size for all TBFs isn't always desirable. Therefore, if --protected-region-size is not used, for apps compiled for fixed addresses (as determined above) elf2tab will estimate a protected region size that tries to ensure the start of the TBF headers and the application binary are placed at useful addresses in flash. elf2tab will try to increase the size of the protected region to make the start of the TBF header at an address aligned to 256 bytes when the application binary is at its correct fixed address.

Syscall Permissions

elf2tab allows explicitly specifying the syscalls that an app is allowed to call. This is done with the --permissions flag. An example of allowing driver number 1 command 0 and command 1 looks like this:

$ elf2tab --permissions 1,0 1,1 ...

It is then up to the Tock kernel and board to apply the filters.

Storage IDs

elf2tab also allows specifying the storage IDs. These are used to access nonvolatile data from userspace. You can specify a single writeid used to store new data and multiple readids and access_ids used to enforce read/write permissions on existing data.

An example looks like this $ elf2tab --writeid 12345678 --readids 1 2 --access_ids 2 3 ...

Creating the TAB file

After generating the program binary and TBF header for each .elf file specified in the command line, elf2tab will store those files along side the .elf files (using the .tbf extension), and create a TAB file containing each .tbf file. These .tab files are used by tools like Tockloader to load Tock apps on to boards.

Inspecting TABs

Tockloader can show some details of a .tab file. Simply:

$ tockloader inspect-tab <tab file name>